| A: | Nested top-level classes, Member classes, Local classes, Anonymous classes
Nested top-level classes- If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the class just like any other top-level class.
Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the declaring class name acting similarly to a package. eg, outer.inner. Top-level inner classes implicitly have access only to static variables.There can also be inner interfaces. All of these are of the nested top-level variety.
Member classes - Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables and access to the member class is restricted, just like methods and variables. This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested top-level class. The primary difference between member classes and nested top-level classes is that member classes have access to the specific instance of the enclosing class.
Local classes - Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their visibility is only within the block of their declaration. In order for the class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a
more publicly available interface.Because local classes are not members, the modifiers public, protected, private, and static are not usable.
Anonymous classes - Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As anonymous classes have no name, you cannot provide a constructor.
| Q: | Are the imports checked for validity at compile time? e.g. will the code containing an import such as java.lang.ABCD compile? |
| A: | Yes the imports are checked for the semantic validity at compile time. The code containing above line of import will not compile. It will throw an error saying,can not resolve symbol
symbol : class ABCD
location: package io
import java.io.ABCD; |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Does importing a package imports the subpackages as well? e.g. Does importing com.MyTest.* also import com.MyTest.UnitTests.*? |
| A: | No you will have to import the subpackages explicitly. Importing com.MyTest.* will import classes in the package MyTest only. It will not import any class in any of it's subpackage. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable? |
| A: | In declaration we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize it. But defining means declaration + initialization.
e.g String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String ("abcd"); Or String s = "abcd"; are both definitions. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable? |
| A: | null unless we define it explicitly. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Can a top level class be private or protected? |
| A: | No. A top level class can not be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access.If a top level class is declared as private the compiler will complain that the "modifier private is not allowed here". This means that a top level class can not be private. Same is the case with protected. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What type of parameter passing does Java support? |
| A: | In Java the arguments are always passed by value . |
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[ Update from Eki and Jyothish Venu]
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| Q: | Primitive data types are passed by reference or pass by value? |
| A: | Primitive data types are passed by value. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Objects are passed by value or by reference? |
| A: | Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object . |
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[ Update from Eki and Jyothish Venu]
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| Q: | What is serialization? |
| A: | Serialization is a mechanism by which you can save the state of an object by converting it to a byte stream. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | How do I serialize an object to a file? |
| A: | The class whose instances are to be serialized should implement an interface Serializable. Then you pass the instance to the ObjectOutputStream which is connected to a fileoutputstream. This will save the object to a file. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement? |
| A: | The serializable interface is an empty interface, it does not contain any methods. So we do not implement any methods. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | How can I customize the seralization process? i.e. how can one have a control over the serialization process? |
| A: | Yes it is possible to have control over serialization process. The class should implement Externalizable interface. This interface contains two methods namely readExternal and writeExternal. You should implement these methods and write the logic for customizing the serialization process. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What is the common usage of serialization? |
| A: | Whenever an object is to be sent over the network, objects need to be serialized. Moreover if the state of an object is to be saved, objects need to be serilazed. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What is Externalizable interface? |
| A: | Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism. Thus if your class implements this interface, you can customize the serialization process by implementing these methods. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | When you serialize an object, what happens to the object references included in the object? |
| A: | The serialization mechanism generates an object graph for serialization. Thus it determines whether the included object references are serializable or not. This is a recursive process. Thus when an object is serialized, all the included objects are also serialized alongwith the original obect. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What one should take care of while serializing the object? |
| A: | One should make sure that all the included objects are also serializable. If any of the objects is not serializable then it throws a NotSerializableException. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What happens to the static fields of a class during serialization? |
| A: | There are three exceptions in which serialization doesnot necessarily read and write to the stream. These are
1. Serialization ignores static fields, because they are not part of ay particular state state.
2. Base class fields are only hendled if the base class itself is serializable.
3. Transient fields. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale Modified after P.John David comments.]
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| Q: | Does Java provide any construct to find out the size of an object? |
| A: | No there is not sizeof operator in Java. So there is not direct way to determine the size of an object directly in Java. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Give a simplest way to find out the time a method takes for execution without using any profiling tool? |
| A: | Read the system time just before the method is invoked and immediately after method returns. Take the time difference, which will give you the time taken by a method for execution.To put it in code...
long start = System.currentTimeMillis ();
method ();
long end = System.currentTimeMillis ();
System.out.println ("Time taken for execution is " + (end - start));
Remember that if the time taken for execution is too small, it might show that it is taking zero milliseconds for execution. Try it on a method which is big enough, in the sense the one which is doing considerable amout of processing. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What are wrapper classes? |
| A: | Java provides specialized classes corresponding to each of the primitive data types. These are called wrapper classes. They are e.g. Integer, Character, Double etc. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Why do we need wrapper classes? |
| A: | It is sometimes easier to deal with primitives as objects. Moreover most of the collection classes store objects and not primitive data types. And also the wrapper classes provide many utility methods also. Because of these resons we need wrapper classes. And since we create instances of these classes we can store them in any of the collection classes and pass them around as a collection. Also we can pass them around as method parameters where a method expects an object. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What are checked exceptions? |
| A: | Checked exception are those which the Java compiler forces you to catch. e.g. IOException are checked Exceptions. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What are runtime exceptions? |
| A: | Runtime exceptions are those exceptions that are thrown at runtime because of either wrong input data or because of wrong business logic etc. These are not checked by the compiler at compile time. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What is the difference between error and an exception? |
| A: | An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM errors and you can not repair them at runtime. While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving user a feedback for entering proper values etc.). |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | How to create custom exceptions? |
| A: | Your class should extend class Exception, or some more specific type thereof. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | If I want an object of my class to be thrown as an exception object, what should I do? |
| A: | The class should extend from Exception class. Or you can extend your class from some more precise exception type also. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | If my class already extends from some other class what should I do if I want an instance of my class to be thrown as an exception object? |
| A: | One can not do anytihng in this scenarion. Because Java does not allow multiple inheritance and does not provide any exception interface as well. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | How does an exception permeate through the code? |
| A: | An unhandled exception moves up the method stack in search of a matching When an exception is thrown from a code which is wrapped in a try block followed by one or more catch blocks, a search is made for matching catch block. If a matching type is found then that block will be invoked. If a matching type is not found then the exception moves up the method stack and reaches the caller method. Same procedure is repeated if the caller method is included in a try catch block. This process continues until a catch block handling the appropriate type of exception is found. If it does not find such a block then finally the program terminates. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What are the different ways to handle exceptions? |
| A: | There are two ways to handle exceptions,
1. By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the exceptions. and
2. List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the method hadle those exceptions. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What is the basic difference between the 2 approaches to exception handling.
1> try catch block and
2> specifying the candidate exceptions in the throws clause?
When should you use which approach? |
| A: | In the first approach as a programmer of the method, you urself are dealing with the exception. This is fine if you are in a best position to decide should be done in case of an exception. Whereas if it is not the responsibility of the method to deal with it's own exceptions, then do not use this approach. In this case use the second approach. In the second approach we are forcing the caller of the method to catch the exceptions, that the method is likely to throw. This is often the approach library creators use. They list the exception in the throws clause and we must catch them. You will find the same approach throughout the java libraries we use. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block? |
| A: | It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. And whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | If I write return at the end of the try block, will the finally block still execute? |
| A: | Yes even if you write return as the last statement in the try block and no exception occurs, the finally block will execute. The finally block will execute and then the control return. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | If I write System.exit (0); at the end of the try block, will the finally block still execute? |
| A: | No in this case the finally block will not execute because when you say System.exit (0); the control immediately goes out of the program, and thus finally never executes. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | How are Observer and Observable used? |
| A: | Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects. |
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| Q: | What is synchronization and why is it important? |
| A: | With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control
the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's value. This often leads to significant errors. |
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| Q: | How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows? |
| A: | It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation. |
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| Q: | Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory? |
| A: | Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection
. |
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| Q: | What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing? |
| A: | Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors. |
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| Q: | When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state? |
| A: | A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started. |
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| Q: | What is the purpose of finalization? |
| A: | The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected. |
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| Q: | What is the Locale class? |
| A: | The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region. |
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| Q: | What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement? |
| A: | A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once. |
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| Q: | What is the difference between static and non-static variables? |
| A: | A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance. |
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| Q: | How are this() and super() used with constructors? |
| A: | This() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor. |
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| Q: | What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements? |
| A: | Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement. |
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| Q: | What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread? |
| A: | Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread. |
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| Q: | Can applets communicate with each other? |
| A: | At this point in time applets may communicate with other applets running in the same virtual machine. If the applets are of the same class, they can communicate via shared static variables. If the applets are of different classes, then each will need a reference to the same class with static variables. In any case the basic idea is to pass the information back and forth through a static variable.
An applet can also get references to all other applets on the same page using the getApplets() method of java.applet.AppletContext. Once you get the reference to an applet, you can communicate with it by using its public members.
It is conceivable to have applets in different virtual machines that talk to a server somewhere on the Internet and store any data that needs to be serialized there. Then, when another applet needs this data, it could connect to this same server. Implementing this is non-trivial. |
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| Q: | What are the steps in the JDBC connection? |
| A: | While making a JDBC connection we go through the following steps :
Step 1 : Register the database driver by using :Class.forName(\" driver classs for that specific database\" );
Step 2 : Now create a database connection using :
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,username,password);
Step 3: Now Create a query using :
Statement stmt = Connection.Statement(\"select * from TABLE NAME\");
Step 4 : Exceute the query :
stmt.exceuteUpdate(); |
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[ Received from Shri Prakash Kunwar]
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| Q: | How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception? |
| A: | When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exceptionis executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored. |
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[ Received from P Rajesh]
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| Q: | Is Empty .java file a valid source file? |
| A: | Yes, an empty .java file is a perfectly valid source file. |
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[Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Can a .java file contain more than one java classes? |
| A: | Yes, a .java file contain more than one java classes, provided at the most one of them is a public class. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Is String a primitive data type in Java? |
| A: | No String is not a primitive data type in Java, even though it is one of the most extensively used object. Strings in Java are instances of String class defined in java.lang package. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Is main a keyword in Java? |
| A: | No, main is not a keyword in Java. |
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| Q: | Is next a keyword in Java? |
| A: | No, next is not a keyword. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Is delete a keyword in Java? |
| A: | No, delete is not a keyword in Java. Java does not make use of explicit destructors the way C++ does. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | Is exit a keyword in Java? |
| A: | No. To exit a program explicitly you use exit method in System object. |
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| Q: | What happens if you dont initialize an instance variable of any of the primitive types in Java? |
| A: | Java by default initializes it to the default value for that primitive type. Thus an int will be initialized to 0, a boolean will be initialized to false. |
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| Q: | What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable? |
| A: | The object references are all initialized to null in Java. However in order to do anything useful with these references, you must set them to a valid object, else you will get NullPointerExceptions everywhere you try to use such default initialized references. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What are the different scopes for Java variables? |
| A: | The scope of a Java variable is determined by the context in which the variable is declared. Thus a java variable can have one of the three scopes at any given point in time.
1. Instance : - These are typical object level variables, they are initialized to default values at the time of creation of object, and remain accessible as long as the object accessible.
2. Local : - These are the variables that are defined within a method. They remain accessbile only during the course of method excecution. When the method finishes execution, these variables fall out of scope.
3. Static: - These are the class level variables. They are initialized when the class is loaded in JVM for the first time and remain there as long as the class remains loaded. They are not tied to any particular object instance. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | What is the default value of the local variables? |
| A: | The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object references. If you try to use these variables without initializing them explicitly, the java compiler will not compile the code. It will complain abt the local varaible not being initilized.. |
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[ Received from Sandesh Sadhale]
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| Q: | How many objects are created in the following piece of code?
MyClass c1, c2, c3;
c1 = new MyClass ();
c3 = new MyClass (); |
| A: | Only 2 objects are created, c1 and c3. The reference c2 is only declared and not initialized. |
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| Q: | Can a public class MyClass be defined in a source file named YourClass.java? |
| A: | No the source file name, if it contains a public class, must be the same as the public class name itself with a .java extension. |
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| Q: | Can main method be declared final? |
| A: | Yes, the main method can be declared final, in addition to being public static. |
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| Q: | What will be the output of the following statement?
System.out.println ("1" + 3); |
| A: | It will print 13. |
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| Q: | What will be the default values of all the elements of an array defined as an instance variable? |
| A: | If the array is an array of primitive types, then all the elements of the array will be initialized to the default value corresponding to that primitive type. e.g. All the elements of an array of int will be initialized to 0, while that of boolean type will be initialized to false. Whereas if the array is an array of references (of any type), all the elements will be initialized to null. |
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